tech stuff – Page 33 – Engineering Radio

The unitless coefficient of Zorch

Zorch is a term used to describe an over voltage or over current condition that usually leads to catastrophic failure, e.g. the power supply was zorched by lightning. There is also a quality to radio signals that defy and exceed theoretical definitions for service contours or power density. That is quality defined as:

Zorch (adj): The ability of an RF signal to be received in unlikely locations; outside of predicted service contour, in steel structures, underground facilities, tunnels, etc.

It brings to mind the saying, “antennas are not amplifiers and amplifiers are not antennas.”

During the earlier stages of FM broadcasting, there was a notion that costs could be reduced by increasing antenna gain and reducing transmitter size. While theoretically, ERP (Effective Radiated Power) is ERP, broadcasters soon learned that high gain antenna, low TPO (Transmitter Power Output) installations lacked building penetration and had other reception issues. Realizing that there is a trade off between antenna bays, transmitter power output especially in difficult reception areas, a great debate occurred and continues on what the optimal system is. The answer is, it depends on the receiving environment.

Where this technical detail can be really important is with lower powered FM stations; Class A and LPFMs to be exact. They are already battling against bigger stations that have tens or even hundreds of times more power. Certainly an LP-100 station has it’s work cut out for it. The choice of antenna is perhaps one of the most important technical decisions to be made. Choosing the right balance of antenna type, antenna gain, antenna height and transmitter power output can greatly influence reception reliability and thus coverage area.

A good study of this quality can be had by looking at various LPFM installations:

Station ERP (watts)	Antenna Type	Antenna Gain (power)	TPO (watts)*	Coefficient of Zorch
100	1 bay vertical	0.92	127	0.1
100	1 bay circular	0.46	253	0.4
100	2 bay vertical full	1.98	58	0.15
100	2 bay vertical half	1.40	83	0.2
100	2 bay circular full	0.99	118	0.5
100	2 bay circular half	0.70	166	0.7
100	3 bay circular full	1.52	77	0.46
100	3 bay circular half	1.01	115	0.52

*Includes 100 feet of 1/2 inch foam transmission line, Andrew LDF4-50A, loss of 0.661 dB at 100 MHz, or 0.859 power gain.

Stations should try to get the transmitting antenna as high up as permitted without reducing ERP. In other words, the FCC allows 100 watts ERP with 98 feet Height Above Average Terrain (HAAT) radiation center in their current LPFM rules. Being lower in height will reduce the coverage area. Going over 98 feet HAAT will cause the station’s power to be reduced, which will lower the coefficient of zorch accordingly. Therefore, getting as close to 98 feet HAAT, which is different than 98 feet above ground level in many places, will net the best performance.

If a singular polarization (horizontal or vertical) is desired, vertical polarization should be chosen, as most mobile reception is by a vertical whip antenna. For best reception performance, a circularly polarized antenna will work best, as receiver antenna orientation will not effect the signal reception. A circularly polarized antenna has better building penetration and multi-path characteristics. The FM broadcast circularly polarized antenna in not a true circularly polarized antenna, it is actually unpolarized.

The use of a multi-bay antenna has the effect of focusing the RF radiation outward, perpendicular to the element stack, thus limiting the radiation directly up or down from the antenna. This is more pronounced with one half wave spaced antennas, which may be an environmental consideration in heavily populated areas.

Thus, the best coefficient of zorch for an LPFM station would be a circularly polarized, 1/2 wave spaced, 2 bay antenna. This antenna would have some gain over a single bay antenna, take up less room on a tower than a full wave spaced antenna, offer good RF protection performance for the general public living and working under the antenna, reduce wasted upward radiation and offer good building penetration for the ERP. It would require a slightly larger transmitter and more electricity, but that trade off is well worth the effort.

Details

I found this small, yet very important detail on a DB-37 connector attached to the back of a Nautel V-1 transmitter:

DB-37 connector for Nautel V-1 transmitter

The black wire is the ground wire and the orange wire is the remote RF off command. A closer view:

DB 37 connector from Nautel V-1 transmitter

The transmitter had been shutting down unexpectedly since it was installed. When these shutdowns occurred, there was no overload, no fault, no power interruption or other indication of a problem. When the RF on command was issued, the transmitter would turn back on and run with normal readings until it shut down again. It was a bit of a mystery; the transmitter was removed from its mountain top home and hauled back to the shop to be repaired. It was connected to all sorts of test equipment and studied intently for many days. Still, the problem could not be replicated in the shop.

Then the transmitter was hauled back to its mountain top transmitter site and re-installed. It ran well for about a month and then started going off again. This time somebody looked at the event log and noticed that a “Remote RF off command” was being issued at the same time the transmitter would shut down. Ahhh, the missing bit of critical data. That prompted me to take apart the DB-37 connector used for the remote control interface. The problem was obvious as soon as I removed the hood.

Sometimes the most valuable piece of test gear is the venerable Mk I, Mod 0, EYEBALL.

I unsoldered the ground lead and put some heat shrink over the connection to the DB-37. Hopefully, that will take care of it.

Now where is that BNC male to N female adaptor

Working with RF can produce some head scratchers. Most transmitter manufactures tend to use the same type of connector for things like exciter RF outputs and composite inputs. Over the years, I have become well stocked with all sorts of BNC and Type N connectors. Satellite equipment uses Type F connectors, Analyzers use Type N, Oscilloscope uses BNC, GPS equipment uses SMA and so on. Except when they don’t. As any good engineer will tell you, when they don’t will be in the middle of the night at some mountain top location while the station is off the air.

After one such incident, I invested in a TPI-3000A adaptor kit. This kit has both the male and female versions of Type N, F, SMA, BNC, TNC, UHF, UHF mini and RCA. They can be mated in any combination using the Universal interface.

On more than one occasion, this little kit has meant the difference of between being back on the air or driving down the mountain to look for an in between series adaptor. A couple of recommended additions include a 7/8″ and 1 5/8″ EIA flange to type N male.

They can be a little pricey, however, I have seen several for sale on eBay for less than $100.00. The key to not loosing the various little parts to this kit is to write a little note detailing the date and location where the adaptor was used, then stuff it in the empty hole. Hopefully, when permanent repairs are made, the adaptor will be retrieved.

Bench Work

Almost every broadcast engineer has to do some type of bench work. While I enjoy a certain amount of bench work, it is not my strong suit. I suppose if I had to do it more often, I would become more proficient. Truth be told, I would rather be at a transmitter site than sitting work chair studying schematic diagrams. It is becoming increasingly difficult to make repairs in the field due to surface mount components. The company I work for has a repair and rework shop where almost anything can be repaired. There is one bench tech, who is pretty proficient with power supplies and RF amplifiers among other things. There is a complete set of test equipment including several Tektronix spectrum analyzers and oscilloscopes.

Likely the most versatile piece of equipment is the IFR 1500 service monitor.

The bench itself is fairly large:

There is also a good stock of spare equipment that can be rented out while repairs are being made:

Repair work includes by is not limited to:

RF repairs; Moseley STL systems, Marti STL and RPU systems, TFT STL systems, most exciters, IPA modules, etc
Transmitter repairs and retuning
Mechanical devices like transmission line dehydrators, transfer switches, etc
Switching and linear power supplies
Uninteruptable power supplies
Remote control equipment; Gentner VRC-2000, Burk ARC16, Moseley MRC-1600
Audio Processing; All Orban equipment, Symetrix, Valley, DBX
Audio equipment; Amplifiers, consoles, reel to reel machines, cassette decks, CD players, DAT machines, etc

I am sure there are many other things that I am leaving out.