Working with rigid transmission line

Update: This post is from several years ago (January 31, 2018), however, I did a fairly major revision and added a lot of information, so I am bumping it to the top of the pile. The header picture is from the Myat facility in Mahwah, New Jersey.

Installing transmitters requires a multitude of skills; understanding the electrical code, basic wiring, RF theory, and even aesthetics play some part in a good installation.  Working with rigid transmission line is a bit like working with plumbing (and is often called that). Rigid transmission line is often used within the transmitter plant to connect to a four-port coax switch, test load, backup transmitter, and so on.  Sometimes it is used outside to go up the tower to the antenna, however, such use has been mostly supplanted by Heliax-type flexible coax.

We completed a moderate upgrade to a station in Albany; installing a coax switch, test load, and backup transmitter.  I thought it would be interesting to document the rigid line work required to complete this installation.  The TPO at this installation is about 5.5 KW including the HD carriers.  The backup transmitter is a Nautel VS-1, analog only.

This site uses a 1 5/8-inch transmission line.  That line is good for most FM installations up to about 10-15 Kilowatts TPO.  Beyond that, 3-inch line should be used for TPOs up to about 30 Kilowatts. Above 30 KW TPO, 4 inch or greater line is required. There are a few combined FM stations that are pumping 80 or 90 KW up to the antenna. Those require 6 inch or greater line.  Even though the transmission lines themselves are rated to handle much more power, reflected power often creates nodes along the line where the forward power and reflected power are in phase.  This can create hot spots and if the reflected power gets high enough, flashovers.

This brings up another point; most rigid line comes in 20-foot sections. There are certain FM frequencies that require different lengths due to the aforementioned nodes that fall along the 1 wavelength intervals. If one of those nodes happens on a flange, that could create problems.

  • Frequencies between 88.1 and 95.9 MHz, use 20-foot line sections
  • Frequencies between 96.1 and 98.3 MHz, use 19.5-foot line sections
  • Frequencies between 98.5 and 100.1 MHz, use 19-foot line sections
  • Frequencies between 100.3 and 107.9 MHz, use 20-foot line sections

TV frequencies are much more complicated. The large channel width and much larger spectrum use means that close attention needs to be paid to line section length. Since low-power TV and translators may need to change frequency, those stations often use Heliax instead of rigid line.

Milwaukee portable band saw
Milwaukee portable band saw

Working with rigid line requires a little bit of patience, careful measurements, and some special tools.  Since the line itself is expensive and the transmission line lengthener has yet to be invented, I tend to use the “measure twice and cut once” methodology.  

For cutting, I have this nice portable band saw and table.  I bought this particular tool several years ago and it has saved me hours if not days of work at various sites.  I have used it to cut not just coaxial line and cables, but uni strut, threaded rod, copper pipe, coolant line, conduit, wire trays, etc.  If you are doing any type of metalwork that involves cutting, this tool is highly recommended.

Milwaukee 6230N Band Saw with cutting table
Milwaukee 6230N Band Saw with cutting table

There are now Lion battery types of bandsaws which are certainly more portable than this. Still, the table with the chain clamp makes work much easier and the cuts are straight (perpendicular), which in turn makes the entire installation easier.

The next point is how long to cut the line pieces and still accommodate field flanges and inter-bay line anchors (AKA bullets). 

Inner bay line anchor, aka “bullet” 3 1/8 inch, 1 5/8 inch, and 7/8 inch respectively

The inner conductor is always going to be shorter than the outer conductor by some amount.   Below is a chart with the dimensions of various types of rigid coaxial cables.

Length cut chart for various sizes of rigid coaxial cables

When working with 1 5/8 inch rigid coax, for example, the outer conductor is cut 0.187 inches (0.47 cm) shorter than the measured distance to accommodate the field flange. The inner conductor is cut 0.438 inches (1.11 cm) shorter (dimension “D” in the above diagram) than the outer conductor to accommodate the inter-bay anchors. These are per side, so the inner conductor will actually be 0.876 inches (2.22 cm) shorter than the outer conductor.  Incidentally, I find it is easier to work in metric as it is much easier to measure out 2.22 CM than to try and convert 0.876 inches to some fraction commonly found on a tape measure.  For this reason, I always have a metric ruler in my tool kit.

If you do not have a handy chart, you can estimate the inner conductor length by measuring the inner bay anchor from the insulator to the first shoulder. Then multiply by two.

Measuring inner bay line anchor

In this case, the measurement from insulator to shoulder is 11/16th of an inch (17.5 mm). If Clamp On Flange adaptors (AKA field flanges) are being used, don’t forget to account for the small lip (usually less than 1/16th of an inch) around the inside of the flange where the outer conductor is seated. If you are using unflanged couplings instead of field flanges, then you can disregard this.

Clamp on Flange adaptors in the front, flangeless couplers in the back
Altronic air cooled 20 KW test load
1 5/8 inch rigid coax run to Altronic air-cooled 20 KW test load
1 5/8 inch rigid coax and 4 port coax switch mounted in top of Middle Atlantic Rack
1 5/8 inch rigid coax and 4 port coax switch mounted on top of Middle Atlantic Rack

The next step is de-burring.  This is really critical at high power levels.  I use a copper de-burring tool commonly used by plumbers and electricians.

De-burring tool, can be found in the plumbing isle of most big box hardware stors

One could also use a round or rat tail file to de-bur.  The grace of clamp-on field flanges is they have some small amount of play in how far onto the rigid line they are clamped.  This can be used to offset any small measurement errors and make the installation look good.

Watching the weather

The weather affects many things. When the weather improves, outdoor projects like tower work can be completed. When the weather is terrible, we may need to do extra work restoring broadcast signals. Today, I am looking at Hurricane Lee, in the North Atlantic basin. Historically speaking, September is the month when we get Hurricanes in the Northeast.

As of this writing, it is too early to be concerned about Lee. Hurricanes can be very unpredictable and there is a good chance the forecast will change many times over the next week or so. That being said, this time of year is a good time to call the fuel companies and top off the generator tanks since winter is coming in a few months anyway. As the situation develops, I may need to dust off the pre-storm checklist.

The basic pre-storm checklist looks something like this:

  • 96 hours or more before the storm: Schedule fuel deliveries for generators, and top off oil and water as needed. Test generators under load if possible. Check UPS batteries. Make an off-site data backup if it does not already exist.
  • 72 hours before the storm: Coordinate with programming to have backup programs available in the event that the satellite dish is damaged, the internet goes down, etc. Inventory and restock PPE, emergency food, water, blankets, first aid supplies, batteries, etc.
  • 48 hours before the storm: Procure supplies needed to secure buildings and sites (plywood, tarps, sandbags, rope, nails, screws, etc). Work out backups for internet STL systems if possible. Work on access plans to remote sites. Make sure that you have the proper tools available.
  • 24 hours before the storm: Secure your personal dwelling, and make sure you have a plan for pets and loved ones. Secure proper shelter for everyone. Fill vehicle gas tanks, and fill portable gas tanks. Update off-site data backup and secure in a safe location.
  • 12 hours before the storm: Secure buildings, park vehicles in areas where they will not be damaged by flooding or blowing debris, and make any last-minute supply runs for emergency food and water. Have a set or two of dry clothes and shoes in your vehicle (almost nothing is worse than spending 12-24 hours in wet and cold clothes). Coordinate response with other station personnel, prioritize the order of restoration, and coordinate with local authorities on their needs.

A few years ago, I purchased one of these LiPo battery chain saws:

DeWalt battery chain saw

These are great units because you do not have to carry cans of 2-cycle gas around. This model will cut trees 12-14 inches in diameter and I get about 25-35 minutes of cutting time per battery depending on the motor load. I have used it several times to cut small trees from access roads to tower sites.

Above all else, during and after the storm, be safe. Do not take any risks involving downed wires, damaged towers, satellite dishes, etc.

There is a place on Earth called Meddybemps

I might not know that if I hadn’t been there installing a TV transmitter. We installed this GatesAir VAXTE-2 for Maine Public Broadcasting’s WMED-DT.

GatesAir VAXTE-2, WMED-DT Meddybemps, Maine
Dielectric 8 pole channel mask filter
WMED transmitter site

After the old Harris Platnum transmitter was turned off, the client got a call from the cable company across the border in New Brunswick. Apparently, they take the off-air signal for their cable feed of PBS in New Brunswick.

We also installed a VAXTE-6 at Mars Hill for WMEM-DT.

GatesAir VAXTE-6, WMEM-DT, Mars Hill, Maine
WMEM-DT test load and coax switch
WMEM Transmitter site, Mars Hill, Maine

I was reading through the SBE 2023 salary survey and noticed that those engineers who work in Radio and TV make more money than those who do just radio. My experience is that TV is more technically challenging because there are many more building blocks that go into the end product. ATSC has several layers of complexity starting with video and audio codecs. Then there are various transport methods, PSIP (Program information) tables, aspect ratios, degrees of definition, video and audio bit rate considerations, and muxing, which occur before the Transport Stream gets to the exciter.

DTV ATSC 1 modulation analysis; 8VSB eye pattern

One thing I will note, TV is acronym-heavy. There are many combinations of letters and abbreviations. I can work on a list of things that I have learned, but one of the most important measurements for the quality of the over-the-air signal is MER, which stands for Modulation Error Ratio. MER is measured in decibels and low MER usually indicates some distortion problem.

WMEM S21 mask filter sweep

Once the program material hits the exciter, the process is similar but there are a few noted differences. TV transmissions are 6 MHz wide vs. 200 KHz for standard FM. In order to minimize distortion, the signal needs to be precorrected by the exciter for linearity. HD Radio does the same thing to a degree. High-band VHF and UHF stations tend to use slot antennas. These are high-gain broad-banded systems that are generally very simple. The FCC stipulates that spectrum mask filters be used to limit out-of-channel emissions. During the installation process, the filters must be measured and proofed to comply. In addition, the harmonics need to be measured down to -120 dBm because most of them fall in the wireless data and mobile phone spectrum and we know how those folks can be.

Like other segments of the broadcast engineering profession; TV is struggling to find competent technical staff, so if you are willing to learn new things, consider doing some work in television.

Mars Hill also has many of these giant things:

Wind Turbine, Mars Hill, Maine

I’ve never seen one up close, and I will say they do make a fair bit of noise when it is windy. I also noticed that air density makes a difference in the noise levels. When it is cooler or more humid, the noise level goes up. There are twenty-eight 1.5 MW GE wind turbines that generate enough electricity to power 18,000 average homes annually. Maine has several wind turbine farms in various parts of the state. I believe Mars Hill was the first, completed in 2006.

Repairing an RF module for a DX-50

I like these types of posts. Many people are intimidated by component-level repairs. I write this to show that it is possible, with minimal test equipment and easy-to-understand directions, to make repairs and get things back in working order.

Every year, we lose two or three RF amplifier modules from the DX-50s. Normally, this happens after a thunderstorm. Sometimes it is a spontaneous failure.

The project starts here; faulted RF module

These are fairly simple medium-wave RF amplifiers. There are no adjustments or tuning circuits on the amplifier board itself. They use eight IRFP-350 RF devices. There are two fuses to protect the transmitter power supply against device short circuits. If a fuse blows; Section C, RF amplifier Modules, of the DX-50 manual has a good troubleshooting guide. There is a very good chance that one or more of the RF devices is bad. Unfortunately, they have to be removed to be tested.

Gates Air recommends that if one device is failed, all four devices from that section are replaced at the same time even if they test good. The IRFP350s are inexpensive devices and it is easier to replace everything at once. The Mouser Part number is 844-IRFP350PBF and they are $3.81 each as of this writing. The PBF suffix means it is lead-free.

The other part that can be bad, but it is unlikely, is the TVSS diode across the gate and source (CR1-4). These are inexpensive as well. Mouser part number is 576-P6KE20CA and they are $0.38 each. It is good to have a few of these on hand.

Heatsink removed from the module

The most difficult part of this is dealing with the heat sinks. The devices get stuck to the heat sink pads after so many years, so it takes a little effort to get them separated. The manual recommends gently prying the device away from the heat sink with a small screwdriver. They can be reused if you are careful and do not rip the insulator pad. However, if the insulator pad rips, it needs to be replaced. Mouser part number 739-A15038108 ($0.86 each).

To test each IRFP350 after it has been removed, use either a DVM with greater than 3 VDC on the resistance setting or a Simpson 260 on the Rx10,0000 range. Connect the positive lead to the Drain, the negative lead to the Source, and then use a jumper connected to the Gate to turn the device on or off. Alternatively, you can use a 9-volt battery to turn the device on and off.

If the device does not turn on or off, it is defective.

The TVSS diode should measure open (>2M) in both directions. Anything other than that, the unit is defective and needs to be replaced.

DX-50 module, heatsinks removed

The first step is to remove the heat sink. I used a small screwdriver under the leads to gently pry the MOSFETS off of the heat pads. If you are careful, all of the heat pads will survive. Once the heat sink is off, I remove all four of the suspected MOSFETS. The leads are heavy gauge, so it takes a little bit of work with the solder pump and solder wick. I tested each MOSFET and found one shorted unit, the other three test okay. However, since these are inexpensive devices, I replaced all four.

DX-50 module, MOSFETS removed

Good device:

Device off
Device on

Bad device:

Device shorted

Assembly is in reverse order. Make sure that none of the insulating pads were torn during disassembly. I like to get everything attached to the heat sink before soldering the leads. It helps with lining everything up. Take care and make sure that the ferrite beads on the drain leads of Q3,10 and Q4,11 are re-installed with the new devices. These are necessary to prevent high-frequency oscillations.

Ferrites

Of course, the final test is in the transmitter. Generally speaking, I test the standby transmitter into the test load every two weeks. This is done in conjunction with the generator load test so as not to spin up the demand meter.